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John Turner (1865–1934)〔Dutt, Rajani Palme. ''The Labour Monthly'', v.48, 1966, Labour Pub. Co p.532〕 was an English-born anarcho-communist shop steward. He referred to himself as "of semi-Quaker descent."〔Turner, John. ''The Independent'', December 24, 1903.〕 Turner was the first person to be ordered deported from the United States for violation of the 1903 Anarchist Exclusion Act. Turner was a member of the Socialist League, but left to become a member of the Freedom Group, and later on became general secretary of the Shop Assistants' Union that he founded. At one point, the union attempted to nominate Turner for Parliament, but he declined, preferring not to "waste his time in parliamentary debates".〔Rocker, Rudolf. ''The London Years''. AK Press, 2005, pg. 101.〕 Turner worked on several publications in addition to ''Freedom''. He was a member of the collective putting out ''Commonweal'',〔Quail, John. ''The Slow Burning Fuse'', London, Paladin Books, 1978.〕 and also the editor of ''Freedom's'' syndicalist journal ''The Voice of Labour'', which denounced the “blight of respectability” of mainstream labour unions. The paper began as a weekly in 1907, and advocated direct action and the general strike.〔''Voice of Labour''. February 9th, 1907〕 The same year, Turner, along with Guy Aldred and others, formed the Industrial Union of Direct Action. Turner was also elected (''in absentia'') to the International Bureau of the Anarchist International, formed at the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam. Throughout the many changes in ''Freedom's'' history, Turner was its publisher from the time it was renamed ''Freedom: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, Work and Literature'' in 1930 until his death in 1934.〔McKercher, William Russell. ''Freedom and Authority'', Black Rose Books, Ltd, 1989, p.214.〕 After the Russian Revolution, Turner traveled to Russia as part of the British Labour Delegation, and attempted to help Aron Baron acquire reprieve from a death sentence. Baron was subsequently charged with having "aroused public sentiment abroad against his imprisonment in the Solovietzki and having induced revolutionists visiting Russia to seek his release." Baron was then sent to a prison in Siberia.〔Maximoff, Gregori. ''The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia'', p.543〕 ==Deportation from the United States== Turner had spent 7 months of 1896 (at which time he met Voltairine de Cleyre) lecturing throughout the U.S. He returned to the U.S. in October 1903, just 7 months after enactment of the Anarchist Exclusion Act, which barred anyone from entering the country who held anarchist views. He was arrested on October 23, after giving a lecture at the Murray Hill Lyceum. When searched Immigration officials found a copy of Johann Most's ''Free Society'', and Turner's speaking schedule, which included a memorial to the Haymarket Martyrs. This was enough to deport him. Turner was held in detention at Ellis Island for three months awaiting appeal of his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Before the final ruling, Turner was released on US$5,000 bail. He then did some lectures around the country, wrongly speculating that the Supreme Court would declare the law unconstitutional and returned to England before the judgment came down against him. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Turner (anarchist)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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